Tuesday, July 23, 2013

LaTeX: Line and Page Breaking

LaTeX Line and Page Breaking


The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to translate your input file into a string of glyphs and spaces. To produce a printed document, this string must be broken into lines, and these lines must be broken into pages. In some environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the \\ command, but LaTeX usually does it for you. The available commands are
  • \\ start a new paragraph.
  • \\* start a new line but not a new paragraph.
  • \- OK to hyphenate a word here.
  • \cleardoublepage flush all material and start a new page, start new odd numbered page.
  • \clearpage plush all material and start a new page.
  • \hyphenation enter a sequence pf exceptional hyphenations.
  • \linebreak allow to break the line here.
  • \newline request a new line.
  • \newpage request a new page.
  • \nolinebreak no line break should happen here.
  • \nopagebreak no page break should happen here.
  • \pagebreak encourage page break.

\\

 \\[*][extra-space]
The \\ command tells LaTeX to start a new line. It has an optional argument, extra-space, that specifies how much extra vertical space is to be inserted before the next line. This can be a negative amount.
The \\* command is the same as the ordinary \\ command except that it tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line.

\-

The \- command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that point. LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually find all correct hyphenation points. The \- command is used for the exceptional cases, as e.g.
 man\-u\-script

\cleardoublepage

The \cleardoublepage command ends the current page and causes all figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand (odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary.

\clearpage

The \clearpage command ends the current page and causes all figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.

\hyphenation

 \hyphenation{words}
The \hyphenation command declares allowed hyphenation points, where words is a list of words, separated by spaces, in which each hyphenation point is indicated by a - character, e.g.
  \hyphenation{man-u-script man-u-stripts ap-pen-dix}

\linebreak

 \linebreak[number]
The \linebreak command tells LaTeX to break the current line at the point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you can convert the \linebreak command from a demand to a request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request is.
The \linebreak command causes LaTeX to stretch the line so it extends to the right margin.

\newline

The \newline command breaks the line right where it is. The \newline command can be used only in paragraph mode.

\newpage

The \newpage command ends the current page.

\nolinebreak

 \nolinebreak[number]
The \nolinebreak command prevents LaTeX from breaking the current line at the point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you can convert the \nolinebreak command from a demand to a request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request is.

\nopagebreak

 \nopagebreak[number]
The \nopagebreak command prevents LaTeX form breaking the current page at the point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you can convert the \nopagebreak command from a demand to a request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request is.

\pagebreak

 \pagebreak[number]
The \pagebreak command tells LaTeX to break the current page at the point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you can convert the \pagebreak command from a demand to a request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request is.

Back to the main LaTeX page.

Thursday, July 18, 2013

Latex: Opening and Closing quotation marks

Opening quotes are ``and closing quotes are ":
\documentclass{article}

\begin{document}

``Thanks!"

\end{document}
enter image description here

>>>>>> the following proposed solution did not work for me! (NEO)<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

For greater control over your quotations (in particular, for your concrete "search and replace" problem), you could consider using the csquotes package:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[english]{babel}
\usepackage[autostyle]{csquotes}

\begin{document}

\enquote{Thanks!}

\end{document}
a

Latex: commonly used symbols

This article will provide a short list of commonly used LaTeX symbols. 

Operators

SymbolCommandSymbolCommandSymbolCommand
\pm\pm\mp\mp\times\times
\div\div\cdot\cdot\ast\ast
\star\star\dagger\dagger\ddagger\ddagger
\amalg\amalg\cap\cap\cup\cup
\uplus\uplus\sqcap\sqcap\sqcup\sqcup
\vee\vee\wedge\wedge\oplus\oplus
\ominus\ominus\otimes\otimes\circ\circ
\bullet\bullet\diamond\diamond\lhd\lhd
\rhd\rhd\unlhd\unlhdUnrhd.gif\unrhd
\oslash\oslash\odot\odot\bigcirc\bigcirc
\triangleleft\triangleleft\Diamond\Diamond\bigtriangleup\bigtriangleup
\bigtriangledown\bigtriangledown\Box\Box\triangleright\triangleright
\setminus\setminus\wr\wr\sqrt{x}\sqrt{x}
x^{\circ}x^{\circ}

Relations

SymbolCommandSymbolCommandSymbolCommand
\le\le\ge\ge\neq\neq
\sim\sim\ll\ll\gg\gg
\doteq\doteq\simeq\simeq\subset\subset
\supset\supset\approx\approx\asymp\asymp
\subseteq\subseteq\supseteq\supseteq\cong\cong
\smile\smile\sqsubset\sqsubset\sqsupset\sqsupset
\equiv\equiv\frown\frown\sqsubseteq\sqsubseteq
\sqsupseteq\sqsupseteq\propto\propto\bowtie\bowtie
\in\in\ni\ni\prec\prec
\succ\succ\vdash\vdash\dashv\dashv
\preceq\preceq\succeq\succeq\models\models
\perp\perp\parallel\parallel\|\|
\mid\mid
Negations of many of these relations can be formed by just putting \not before the symbol, or by slipping an n between the \ and the word. Here are a few examples, plus a few other negations; it works for many of the others as well.
SymbolCommandSymbolCommandSymbolCommand
\nmid\nmid\nleq\nleq\ngeq\ngeq
\nsim\nsim\ncong\ncong\nparallel\nparallel
\not<\not<\not>\not>\not=\not=
\not\le\not\le\not\ge\not\ge\not\sim\not\sim
\not \approx\not\approx\not\cong\not\cong\not\equiv\not\equiv
\not\parallel\not\parallel\nless\nless\ngtr\ngtr
\lneq\lneq\gneq\gneq\lnsim\lnsim
\lneqq\lneqq\gneqq\gneqq
To use other relations not listed here, such as =, >, and <, in LaTeX, you may just use the symbols on your keyboard.

Greek Letters

Lowercase Letters
SymbolCommandSymbolCommandSymbolCommandSymbolCommand
\alpha\alpha\beta\beta\gamma\gamma\delta\delta
\epsilon\epsilon\varepsilon\varepsilon\zeta\zeta\eta\eta
\theta\theta\vartheta\vartheta\iota\iota\kappa\kappa
\lambda\lambda\mu\mu\nu\nu\xi\xi
\pi\pi\varpi\varpi\rho\rho\varrho\varrho
\sigma\sigma\varsigma\varsigma\tau\tau\upsilon\upsilon
\phi\phi\varphi\varphi\chi\chi\psi\psi
\omega\omega

Capital Letters
SymbolCommandSymbolCommandSymbolCommandSymbolCommand
\Gamma\Gamma\Delta\Delta\Theta\Theta\Lambda\Lambda
\Xi\Xi\Pi\Pi\Sigma\Sigma\Upsilon\Upsilon
\Phi\Phi\Psi\Psi\Omega\Omega

Headline text

Arrows

SymbolCommandSymbolCommand
\gets\gets\to\to
\leftarrow\leftarrow\Leftarrow\Leftarrow
\rightarrow\rightarrow\Rightarrow\Rightarrow
\leftrightarrow\leftrightarrow\Leftrightarrow\Leftrightarrow
\mapsto\mapsto\hookleftarrow\hookleftarrow
\leftharpoonup\leftharpoonup\leftharpoondown\leftharpoondown
\rightleftharpoons\rightleftharpoons\longleftarrow\longleftarrow
\Longleftarrow\Longleftarrow\longrightarrow\longrightarrow
\Longrightarrow\Longrightarrow\longleftrightarrow\longleftrightarrow
\Longleftrightarrow\Longleftrightarrow\longmapsto\longmapsto
\hookrightarrow\hookrightarrow\rightharpoonup\rightharpoonup
\rightharpoondown\rightharpoondown\leadsto\leadsto
\uparrow\uparrow\Uparrow\Uparrow
\downarrow\downarrow\Downarrow\Downarrow
\updownarrow\updownarrow\Updownarrow\Updownarrow
\nearrow\nearrow\searrow\searrow
\swarrow\swarrow\nwarrow\nwarrow
(For those of you who hate typing long strings of letters, \iff and \implies can be used in place of \Longleftrightarrow and \Longrightarrow respectively.)

Dots

SymbolCommandSymbolCommandSymbolCommandSymbolCommand
\ldots2\ldots 2\vdots\vdots\cdots 2\cdots 2\ddots\ddots
(The '2's after \ldots and \cdots are only present to make the distinction between the two clear.)

Accents

SymbolCommandSymbolCommandSymbolCommand
\hat{x}\hat{x}\check{x}\check{x}\dot{x}\dot{x}
\breve{x}\breve{x}\acute{x}\acute{x}\ddot{x}\ddot{x}
\grave{x}\grave{x}\tilde{x}\tilde{x}\mathring{x}\mathring{x}
\bar{x}\bar{x}\vec{x}\vec{x}
When applying accents to i and j, you can use \imath and \jmath to keep the dots from interfering with the accents:
SymbolCommandSymbolCommand
\vec{\jmath}\vec{\jmath}\tilde{\imath}\tilde{\imath}
\tilde and \hat have wide versions that allow you to accent an expression:
SymbolCommandSymbolCommand
\widehat{3+x}\widehat{3+x}\widetilde{abc}\widetilde{abc}

Others

SymbolCommandSymbolCommandSymbolCommand
\infty\infty\triangle\triangle\angle\angle
\aleph\aleph\hbar\hbar\imath\imath
\jmath\jmath\ell\ell\wp\wp
\Re\Re\Im\Im\mho\mho
\prime\prime\emptyset\emptyset\nabla\nabla
\surd\surd\partial\partial\top\top
\bot\bot\vdash\vdash\dashv\dashv
\forall\forall\exists\exists\neg\neg
\flat\flat\natural\natural\sharp\sharp
\backslash\backslash\Box\Box\Diamond\Diamond
\clubsuit\clubsuit\diamondsuit\diamondsuit\heartsuit\heartsuit
Spadesuit.gif\spadesuit\Join\Join\blacksquare\blacksquare
\S\S\P\P\copyright\copyright
\pounds\pounds\overarc{ABC}\overarc{ABC}(it works)\underarc{XYZ}\underarc{XYZ}(it works)

Command Symbols

Some symbols are used in commands so they need to be treated in a special way.
SymbolCommandSymbolCommandSymbolCommandSymbolCommand
\textdollar\textdollar\&\&\%\%\#\#
\_\_\{\{\}\}\backslash\backslash
(Warning: Using \$ for \textdollar will result in &#036;. This is a bug as far as we know.)

European Language Symbols

SymbolCommandSymbolCommandSymbolCommandSymbolCommand
{\oe}{\oe}{\ae}{\ae}{\aa}{\aa}{\o}{\o}
{\OE}{\OE}{\AE}{\AE}{\AA}{\AA}{\O}{\O}
{\l}{\l}{\ss}{\ss}\text{!`}!`
{\L}{\L}{\SS}{\SS}\text{?`}?`

Bracketing Symbols

In mathematics, sometimes we need to enclose expressions in brackets or braces or parentheses. Some of these work just as you'd imagine in LaTeX; type ( and ) for parentheses, [ and ] for brackets, and | and | for absolute value. However, other symbols have special commands:
SymbolCommandSymbolCommandSymbolCommand
\{\{\}\}\|\|
\backslash\backslash\lfloor\lfloor\rfloor\rfloor
\lceil\lceil\rceil\rceil\langle\langle
\rangle\rangle
You might notice that if you use any of these to typeset an expression that is vertically large, like
(\frac{a}{x} )^2
the parentheses don't come out the right size:
(\frac{a}{x})^2
If we put \left and \right before the relevant parentheses, we get a prettier expression:
\left(\frac{a}{x} \right)^2
gives
\left(\frac{a}{x} \right)^2
\left and \right can also be used to resize the following symbols:
SymbolCommandSymbolCommandSymbolCommand
\uparrow\uparrow\downarrow\downarrow\updownarrow\updownarrow
\Uparrow\Uparrow\Downarrow\Downarrow\Updownarrow\Updownarrow

Multi-Size Symbols

Some symbols render differently in inline math mode and in display mode. Display mode occurs when you use \[...\] or $$...$$, or environments like \begin{equation}...\end{equation}, \begin{align}...\end{align}. Read more in the commands section of the guide about how symbols which take arguments above and below the symbols, such as a summation symbol, behave in the two modes.
In each of the following, the two images show the symbol in display mode, then in inline mode.
SymbolCommandSymbolCommandSymbolCommand
\sum  \textstyle\sum\sum\int  \textstyle\int\int\oint  \textstyle\oint\oint
\prod  \textstyle\prod\prod\coprod  \textstyle\coprod\coprod\bigcap  \textstyle\bigcap\bigcap
\bigcup  \textstyle\bigcup\bigcup\bigsqcup  \textstyle\bigsqcup\bigsqcup\bigvee  \textstyle\bigvee\bigvee
\bigwedge  \textstyle\bigwedge\bigwedge\bigodot  \textstyle\bigodot\bigodot\bigotimes  \textstyle\bigotimes\bigotimes
\bigoplus  \textstyle\bigoplus\bigoplus\biguplus  \textstyle\biguplus\biguplus

Examples

  • x^y is the same as x^{y}, producing x^y .
  • x_y is the same as x_{y}, producing x_y .
  • However, x^10 is not the same as x^{10}. The former produces x^10 instead of x^{10}.